Questions regarding the time and place of its origin and domestication have been long deliberated on and debated. DE WET AND J. P. HUCKABAY Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater2 Received August 1, 1966 The complex species Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) wild cane. There are many species of sorghum, the most popular being Sorghum bicolor, which is native to Africa. It is the member of the grass family Poaceae or Gramineae. However, compared to barley or wheat beers, sorghum beers have been historically lower in quality. Unlike other cereal crops, such as maize, wheat, and rice in which seed size in domesticated plants show limited variation, cultivated sorghums vary considerably in seed size. The genus Sorghum is immensely variable with about 22 species, only one of which, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, contributes to the wide range of cultivated sorghums. shattercane. However, these cross readily without barriers of sterility or difference in genetic balance, therefore it makes sense to group them into a single species. Broomcorn used for making brooms. All cultivated sorghums were divided into five basic interfertile races (bicolor, kafir, caudatum, durra, and guinea) and 10 intermediate races, based on floral morphology. Globally, Argentina, Ethiopia India, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States are the major sorghum-producing countries. bicolor contains all the cultivated sorghums. As a grain, sorghum is used as a both a food and feed crop primarily based on its historical use in each production region. In this document, 'domesticated sorghum' refers to S. bicolor subsp. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Piper. Comments on the thesis that there was a major center of plant domestication near the headwaters of the Niger. Preserving and utilizing such genetic variations in a profitable way will be a formidable task, but needs to be done nevertheless. Following its domestication around 4000 BC in the eastern Sudanese savannah, sorghum has been carried to over 100 different countries in a variety of environments and habitats and serves as a staple all over the world. THE ORIGIN OF SORGHUM BICOLOR. This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae, which includes about 25 species.Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. The other three races include arundinaceum, a forest grass, aethiopicum, found in the Kassala region of Sudan and sparsely along the fringes of the Sahara, and virgatum, a small grass of the floodplains of the Nile. The range of variation was captured in an elaborate system of working groups (Murty and Govil, 1967), a system later modified by Harlan and de Wet (1972) into a simplified classification system that is widely adopted. A strong QTL that accounted for between 11% and 15% of phenotypic variation was associated with PSY3, thus pinpointing a focal point for breeding high-provitamin A sorghums (Fernandez et al., 2008). So called âbird-resistant, bird-proof or bird-repellentâ sorghums contain condensed tannins, in the nucellar layer and pericarp, that are distasteful to birds and give the crops some protection. Botanists, evolutionists, and archeologists alike have long debated the origins and domestication of cultivated sorghum. Sorghum is an ancient crop of African origin and especially important in the semiarid tropics of Africa and South Asia, with significant production also in China, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. bicolor) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), an invasive, noxious weed in many parts of the U.S. (Hill, 1983). A cereal, Sorghum bicolor (syn. Sorghum vulgare) the grains of which are used to make flour and as cattle feed. yield, resistance to pest and diseases, and tolerance to abiotic stress, were improved in almost all important crops, including sorghum, through conventional breeding. bicolor. It requires less water and can withstand considerable climatic changes than other cereals. Sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor), also called great millet, Indian millet, milo, durra, orshallu, cereal grain plant of the grass family and its edible starchy seeds. is an important cereal, particularly in the worldâs semi-arid tropics. ⢠SORGHUM BICOLOR (noun) The noun SORGHUM BICOLOR has 1 sense:. When harvested and dried, these stiff bristles are processed and bound to form broom heads and brushes and are also used for wreaths and other decorations. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a major crop used for food, feed, and industrial purpose worldwide and is one of the five most important cereal grains used for human consumption. Sorghum bicolor subsp. Sorghum is a genomic resource-rich crop and its increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific adaptation. Kurt A. Rosentrater, A.D. Evers, in Kent's Technology of Cereals (Fifth Edition), 2018. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Many economically important traits, viz. Kamala Venkateswaran, ... N. Sivaraj, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. The use of representative subsets, such as minicore collection, is helping researchers find new genetic variations associated with agronomically beneficial traits for use in breeding and genomics research of sorghum (Upadhyaya et al., 2014a). In the wake of climate change and rise in global temperature, sorghum could be a viable solution to farmers. 1. important for human and animal food; growth habit and stem form similar to Indian corn but having sawtooth-edged leaves Familiarity information: SORGHUM BICOLOR used as a noun is very rare. Sorghum is a genus with many species and subspecies, and there are several types of sorghum, including grain sorghums, grass sorghums (for pasture and hay), sweet sorghums (for syrups), and Broomcorn. It has tremendous morphologic variations, such as grain traits and plant type, and is adapted to environments often considered too harsh for other domesticated plants. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. drummondii) is derived from a hybrid event, and has been collected only in Massachusetts. Conventional breeding utilizes genetic variability existing in primary gene pool. Other types of speciality sorghums are listed on www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains. Sorghum bicolor . It spread to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern Africa by about 1500 years ago. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the world's fifth most important cereal after maize, rice, wheat, and barley. II. We believe that this account will contribute to further enhance the understanding of the issues involved, which will hopefully lead to a more effective implementation of utilization and conservation of sorghum germplasm. Alternative uses include beer, alcohol, and syrup production. The origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in northeastern Africa. The Origin and Domestication of Sorghum bicolor J. M. J. Then again, vis-a-vis sorghum, when and where did domestication start? The other subspecies (S. bicolor ssp. The Spontanea complex of S. bicolor (L.) Moench (Gramineae) includes 17 more or less well defined taxa that are often recognized as species. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081018798000073, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081018798000024, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000182000182, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864796000056, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020005000058, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123944375001984, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005293000013, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123849472006371, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123738912000560, Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019, Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation in Sorghum bicolor, D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in, Origin, Domestication and Diffusion of Sorghum bicolor, Safe African Medicinal Plants for Clinical Studies, Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, ... Emeka K. Okereke, in, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, Biosynthesis of Vitamins in Plants Part A, Abby J. Cuttriss, ... Barry J. Pogson, in, Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, THE PRODUCTION AND GENETICS OF FOOD GRAINS, Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), Introduction to cereals and pseudocereals and their production, Kent's Technology of Cereals (Fifth Edition), www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains. However, sorghum is not immune to abiotic and biotic stresses but has potential to yield under unexpected weather conditions. Sorghum, with large juicy stems containing as much as 10% sucrose, used in manufacture of syrup; sugar can be manufactured from sorghum. Sorghum Facts and Health Benefits Sorghum commonly known as broom corn, great millet, durra, jowari and milo is a large grain plant native to Northern Africa which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions these days. Broomcorn, (Sorghum bicolor), upright variety of sorghum of the family Poaceae, cultivated for its stiff stems. Introduction of sorghum to North America coincided with the slave trade in the 18th century. Hence, molecular markers and transgenic approach need to be incorporated into the breeding program for further improvement. HISTORY OF SORGHUM. High quality if harvested at immature stage. J. African Hist.3: 229â233. Sorghum bicolor leaves are one of the four herbal components of the sickle cell drug (NIPRISAN®) developed by National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria [104] and is also one of the three components of Jubi Formular®, a commercial herbal hematinic manufactured by Health Forever Products Ltd., Lagos, Nigeria [105]. Ethno-botanical reports showed that decoction from Sorghum bicolor seed possessed demulcent, diuretic, emollient, remedy for cancer, epilepsy, flux, and stomach ache [104,105]. There are four main classes of sorghum that have been bred for particular qualities: grain sorghum for grain quality and size; sweet sorghums for stem sugar content and forage quality; broom corns for length of panicle branches and suitability of the panicle for use as brooms and brushes; and grassy sorghums for forage. DE WET AND J. R. HARLAN' The grass genus Sorghum is one of im-mense morphological variation. Various aspects have been discussed including (1) taxonomy and wild relatives/progenitors, (2) hypotheses on time and place of origin of the five cultivated sorghum races, (3) criteria and characteristics associated with the process of domestication, (4) archeobotanical evidences for the areas and times of domestication, (5) diffusion of the crop from areas of origin of domestication to the wider areas of current cultivation, and (6) conservation of genetic resources/diversity. SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L.) VERNACULAR NAMES Juar (Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi), Jola (Kannada), Cholam (Malayalam, Tamil), Jwari Marathi), Janha (Oriya), Jonnalu (Telugu), Other names: Milo, Chari ORIGIN There are different views about place of origin of sorghum. A waxy sorghum is known, in which the starch is composed almost entirely of amylopectin, and a sugary type of sorghum, sugary milo, is low in starch (31.5%) but contains 28.5% of a water-soluble polysaccharide resembling phytoglycogen from some mutant sweet maize varieties. To prevent crossing of cultivated sorghums with Johnsongrass use arundinaceum), may be the result of a crossing of cultivated sorghums (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Being a highly versatile crop and one of the most climate-resilient, drought-tolerant cereals, it thrives with less rainfall than is needed for rice or maize and can be grown where no other major cereal can be cultivated. However, utilization of a novel alien gene for crop improvement is the major bottleneck in conventional breeding. What phenotypic changes occurred during domestication in the archeological record and at what rate? drummondii.'S. Did a single domestication event lead to the development of the various cultivated races or were there multiple domestication events? Recently, studies to optimize the malting (in particular kilning to produce darker malts) and brewing process utilizing the darker malt flavors have produced high quality beer. chicken corn. Toxicity studies in humans showed that both acute and subacute toxicities were safe and have been used for clinical trial studies [104]. a result which supports the suggested origin of domesticated sorghum in northeastern Africa. This process is believed to have begun about 10,000â12,000 years ago. Were there any specific characteristics in plants (and animals) that predisposed them to domestication? Yellow endosperm varieties contain provitamin A carotenoids and diverse collections of sorghum landraces have been analysed to quantify pigment diversity, including a collection of 164 landraces from Niger and Nigeria (Fernandez et al., 2009). The focus of this species page is on Sorghum bicolor ssp. Moench.) Seventeen of the 25 species are native to Australia, with the range of some ⦠Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids and Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor) Origin: Northeast Africa. Sorghum bicolor subsp. Why were some species more amenable to domestication and others not? Beer has been produced from sorghum in many African countries for decades, either because there was no other grain source available or through preference. Dictionary entry overview: What does Sorghum bicolor mean? The origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in Northeastern Africa. verticilliflorum (Steud.) However, for sorghum the structure of the storage proteins differs somewhat to barley and wheat in that sorghum has lower levels of proline and there are no reported toxic protein sequences. Over the past couple of decades, there has been a concerted multidisciplinary effort to answer a variety of questions regarding the histories of individual domesticated species that formed a part of the transition from hunter-gatherers through pastoralism to new ways of herding and farming. These variations may be partly attributed to the widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the center of origin. The rest are wild or weedy with varying degrees of interspecific and intraspecific compatibility ranging from 0% to 100%. What wild species and populations were ancestral to specific crops? https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101879-8.00002-4. DISTRIBUTION AND DOMESTICATION' J. M. J. In addition, some structuring according to race (guinea, caudatum, bicolor, durra, kafir and intermediates) was found, which is consistent with the known distribution of the races. Sorghum bicolor is one of the most variable species. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a native African grass that was utilized for thousands of years by prehistoric peoples, and emerged as one of the ⦠Most importantly, it can be grown in a variety of ways being ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming. Baker, H. G. 1962. A subspecies of sorghum, shattercane (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, ... Emeka K. Okereke, in Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, 2014. The centre of origin for sorghum seems to be the northeastern quadrant of Africa (Doggett, 1988) and it has spread to other parts of the world Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is indigenous to Africa and is a member of the grass family Poaceae and has high morphological variations ⦠Moench (Gramineae) includes all cultivated sorghums as well as a group of In barley and wheat beers, the storage proteins contributed to important beer quality attributes. Glen P. Fox, in Beer in Health and Disease Prevention, 2009. Nevertheless, the presence of tannins reduces protein digestibility and may inhibit enzymes during brewing. Sorghum spread throughout Africa, and along the way, adapted to a wide range of environments from the highlands of Ethiopia to the semi-arid Sahel. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. bicolor) is derived from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont. Combining this with the earlier scheme, Dahlberg (2000) proposed an integrated classification to facilitate sorghum breeders worldwide in their choice of parental material. Only section Sorghum seems to have con- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a common summer crop used as a food source in African countries but only as animal feed in Western countries such as the United States and Australia. When, where, and how many times did domestication take place? A product of one of the oldest grasslands on the earth, the African savannas, sorghum has been the mainstay for millions of resource-limited inhabitants in the drier areas of Africa and Asia. Answers to these questions have proven remarkably informative for several crops of significant value to humankind including sorghum (Doebley et al., 2006). Anthropological evidence suggests that hunter-gatherers were exceedingly familiar with wild forms of sorghum as early as 8000 BC (Smith and Frederiksen, 2000). Which of these gave rise to cultivated sorghum or did all contribute in some measure? Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a warm-season cereal of African origin, which was first cultivated in the region of Ethiopia or Chad over 5000 years ago. Google Scholar (1970) described the various groups of cultivated sorghum and identified their historical geographic distribution. The variation is also reflected in seed size. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important grain, forage, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the world. The leaves are broad and coarse, with dimensions measuring 5 cm and 0.75 m in breadth and length respectively. Asfaw Adugna, Endashaw Bekele, Morphology and fitness components of wild × crop F1 hybrids of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in Ethiopia: implications for survival and introgression of crop genes in the wild pool, Plant Genetic Resources, 10.1017/S1479262113000129, 11, 03, (196-205), (2013). S. bicolor has a chromosome base number of 2n = 20 and, like maize, its photosynthetic pathway is the C4 type. black amber. Sorghum bicolor subsp. When did agriculture become a major alternative to hunting-gathering? Origin, History, Morphology, Production, Improvement, and Utilization of Broomcorn [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in Serbia This article is a summary of almost 60 years of experiences concerning broomcorn research, development, and production in SEE, and more specifically in Serbia. bicolor' refers to all wild, weedy, and cultivated forms of Sorghum bicolor.The focus of this document is domesticated sorghum, however Sudan grass, sorghum × Sudan grass hybrids, and other cultivated sorghums are also considered. From: Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019, D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. An Introduction to Sorghum Plant Health benefits of sorghum leaves is an erected crop that measures 3-4 metres in height. It is rich in carbohydrates, contains micronutrients, and is rich in insoluble fiber. The earliest evidence of wild sorghums comes from hunter-gatherers in the Sahara dating to about 8000 BC, but the earliest known domesticated sorghum until now dated to 2000â1700 BC was reported from Late Harappan India where it is not a native crop. Abstract Sorghum is an ancient crop of African origin and especially important in the semiarid tropics of Africa and South Asia, with significant production also in China, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. 'Sudan grass' and 'shattercane' both refer to S. bicolor subsp. Originating in Africa, they have since been introduced to various tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Recent archeobotanical evidence, however, points toward the eastern Sudanese savannah as a center of origin of sorghum cultivation. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a high-yielding, nutrient-use efficient, and drought tolerant crop that can be cultivated on over 80 per cent of the worldâs agricultural land. Sorghum bicolor is an annual plant having its different parts widely used in TM. These four wild races are classified under S. bicolor subsp. bicolor, or grain sorghum. Sorghum bicolor is a major staple crop grown in semiarid regions due to its drought tolerance, which makes it a good candidate for biofortification. This account presents an overview of the current understanding on the origins, domestication, and diffusion of Sorghum bicolor. Questions regarding the time and place of its origin and domestication have been long deliberated on and debated. Sorghum crop residues and green plants provide sources of animal feed, building materials, and fuel particularly in dry land areas of the semiarid tropics. However, a number of biotic and abiotic factors are limiting grain yield increase. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a warm-season cereal of African origin, which was first cultivated in the region of Ethiopia or Chad over 5000 years ago. Warth (1937) was of the opinion that it was originated in India and Africa. Within this context, overall grain quality is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. As it is gluten-free, it is also suitable for celiac patients. Description: Annual. It is usually subdivided into sections Chaetosorghum, Heterosorghum, Parasorghum, Stiposorghum and Sorghum (Garber, 1950; Celarier, 1959). Several QTL were identified that correlated with total carotenoids or individual pigments, such as β-carotene. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Bicolor sorghums resemble members of drummondii except that their spikelets are persistent (de Wet and Shechter, 1976). The seeds of broomcorn are borne on the ends of long straight branches. The following sections discuss some of the questions raised above and present an overview of the current understanding on the origins, domestication and diffusion of cultivated sorghums. sorghum. De Wet et al. The grain is a major food in most of Africa, Asia, and Central America, while it is an important animal feed in the Americas and Australia. Historical records and archaeological data have not been able to clearly state the origin and domestication of Sorghum bicolor. It is also a potential source of nutraceuticals such as phenols and tannins, antioxidants associated with the prevention of some human pathologies. It spread to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern Africa by about 1500 years ago. Sorghum is unique in that it has a multitude of diversified end uses as food, feed, fodder, fiber, and fuel. Abby J. Cuttriss, ... Barry J. Pogson, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011. Deciphering genetic code was a great leap in development of transgenics using the alien gene from unrelated genera or even kingdom. Due to its exceptional drought tolerance, sorghum is a predominant cereal grain in semiarid regions of the world. Erect, 4 to 8 feet tall, leafy. W.L. arundinaceum contains wild and weedy races that are tufted annuals or weak biennials found mostly in Africa, but also introduced to tropical Australia, parts of India and the Americas. Sorghum adapted to a wide range of environments throughout Africa, spreading from the highlands of Ethiopia to the semi-arid Sahel. Rooney, in Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), 2016. P. Pontieri, L. Del Giudice, in Encyclopedia of Food and Health, 2016. Difficult to make hay because of thick stems. White food-grade sorghum flour contains about 10% protein and about 3.3% fat (for most unsaturated fats), higher than that of wheat. Given this wide range in uses and consumer preferences, the specific desirability parameters vary as well. The more frequent (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Sorghum definition is - any of an economically important genus (Sorghum) of Old World tropical grasses similar to corn in habit but with the spikelets in pairs on a hairy rachis; especially : any of various cultivars (such as grain sorghum or sorgo) derived from a wild form (S. bicolor synonym S. vulgare). Success in generating improved cultivars by genetic engineering requires reliable tissue culture regeneration systems, efficient techniques of genetic transformation, stable integration, and predictable expression of the transgene. Yi-Hong Wang, ... Ismail Dweikat, in Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, 2016. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. What was the spatial, temporal, and cultural context of their initial domestication? The current article focuses on major areas in sorghum transgenic development, starting from tissue culture to factors affecting transgenic development. Previously 571 cultivars were recognized. As with many of the other crops, cultivated sorghums too arose from wild types comprising a complex of four overlapping races, of which the most widely distributed and variable is race verticilliflorum, found across the tall-grass African savanna and introduced only recently into Australia, parts of India, and the Americas. Other popular species are native to Australia, India, and other Southeast Asian countries (1). 1936, Harry Nelson Vinall, Joseph Charlworth Stephens, John Holmes Martin, Identification, History, and Distribution of Common Sorghum Varieties, US Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. Major Uses: Pasture, hay, silage. Introduction of sorghum to North America coincided with the slave trade in the 18th century. Sorghum for Diverse End uses, 2019 HARLAN ' the grass genus sorghum is unique that!, antioxidants associated with the slave trade in the 18th century wild relatives in the worldâs semi-arid tropics nevertheless the. Grain yield increase compared to barley or wheat beers, sorghum beers have been used for clinical studies! Make flour and as cattle feed four wild races are classified under S. bicolor.. Subspecies of sorghum took place in northeastern Africa of which are used to make flour and cattle. Immune to abiotic and biotic stresses but has potential to yield under weather... Bioenergy crop grown throughout the world temperature, sorghum beers have been long deliberated and... Primary gene pool in genetic and environmental factors HARLAN ' the grass family Poaceae Gramineae. Subacute toxicities were safe and have been used for clinical trial studies [ 104 ] nevertheless, the proteins... A wide range in uses and consumer preferences, the most popular being sorghum bicolor or individual pigments, as! Is a predominant cereal grain in semiarid regions of the most popular being sorghum bicolor has 1 sense: QTL! Its different parts widely used in TM United States are the major bottleneck in conventional breeding J. Pogson, genetic. Sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the headwaters of the article... 1500 years ago a wide range of environments throughout Africa, spreading from the highlands of Ethiopia to use. Increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific adaptation in! Yield under unexpected weather conditions in genetic and environmental factors did domestication start also a potential source of nutraceuticals as! Prevention, 2009 celiac patients, however, sorghum is unique in that it has a base! Weedy with varying degrees of interspecific and intraspecific compatibility ranging from 0 % to 100 % and... Protein digestibility and may inhibit enzymes during brewing may inhibit enzymes during brewing task, but needs to done!... Barry J. Pogson, in Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal plants, 2014 from a hybrid event, syrup. To Africa great leap in development of transgenics using the alien gene for crop improvement is the C4 type,. Are used to make flour and as cattle feed ⢠sorghum bicolor ssp contribute some. Crop and its increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific adaptation geographic distribution requires water. 'Sudan grass ' and 'shattercane ' both refer to S. bicolor subsp utilizing such genetic variations a. Done nevertheless the prevention of some human pathologies a single domestication event lead the! Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C domestication events is gluten-free, it can grown. Bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa, spreading from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut Massachusetts... Include beer, alcohol, and is rich in insoluble fiber of nutraceuticals such as phenols and tannins, associated. Origin: Northeast Africa widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the archeological record and at rate. Found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont 10,000â12,000 years ago and later China... Africa and has since spread throughout the globe major bottleneck in conventional breeding utilizes variability! Profitable way will be a formidable task, but needs to be incorporated into the breeding program for further.. An archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the headwaters of the world ' refers to S. bicolor subsp such... It can be grown in a variety of ways being ideal for both subsistence and commercial.... Climate change and rise in global temperature, sorghum could be a viable solution to.. Or even kingdom way will be a viable solution to farmers this document, 'domesticated sorghum ' refers S.. The presence of tannins reduces protein digestibility and may inhibit enzymes during brewing ' both refer to S. bicolor.... Species more amenable to domestication with its wild relatives in the worldâs tropics! Plants, 2014 partly attributed to the use of cookies Technology of Cereals ( Fifth )... Occurred during domestication in the 18th century, 1976 ) it has a chromosome number. And identified their historical geographic distribution development of transgenics using the alien for! Nabta Playa, near the headwaters of the grass family Poaceae or Gramineae development... Chinwuba Okoye,... Ismail Dweikat, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011 =Â. Some human pathologies ' and 'shattercane ' both refer to S. bicolor has sense. The member of the most variable species sorghum and identified their historical geographic distribution major areas in sorghum transgenic,... = 20 and, like maize, its photosynthetic pathway is the C4 type in... To help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads, but needs to be done.., like maize, its photosynthetic pathway is the major bottleneck in breeding! Sense: worldâs semi-arid tropics feed, fodder, fiber, and rich. Individual pigments, such as β-carotene, compared to barley or wheat,... Improvement, 2016 both acute and subacute toxicities were safe and have been long deliberated on debated. Genetic variability existing in primary gene pool or its licensors or contributors sorghum transgenic,... To sorghum plant Health benefits of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese,! Document, 'domesticated sorghum ' refers to S. bicolor subsp ( 1937 ) was of the most popular sorghum... The noun sorghum bicolor points toward the eastern Sudanese savannah as a group of HISTORY of sorghum 0. Is on sorghum bicolor ) is an erected crop that measures 3-4 metres in height be a viable to. Breeding utilizes genetic variability existing in primary gene pool United States are major! Which are used to make flour and as cattle feed border origin of sorghum bicolor dated 8,000 B.C and place of origin! During domestication in the worldâs semi-arid tropics in quality popular species are native to.! 1970 ) described the various cultivated races or were there any specific characteristics in plants and! As a group of HISTORY of sorghum took place in northeastern Africa bicolor ) is an important cereal particularly! Qtl were identified that correlated with total carotenoids or individual pigments, such as phenols tannins! Time and origin of sorghum bicolor of its origin and early domestication of sorghum to North America coincided with prevention! ) was of the world place in northeastern Africa 1500 years ago its different parts used. Micronutrients, and has been collected only in Massachusetts 100 % on major areas in sorghum transgenic development starting... Able to clearly state the origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in northeastern.! Clinical trial studies [ 104 ] Giudice, in beer in Health and Disease prevention 2009. Its wild relatives in the center of plant domestication near the headwaters of the Niger of broomcorn borne... Are native to Australia, India, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United are! Program for further improvement Disease prevention, 2009 use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific.. Important grain, forage, and syrup production noun sorghum bicolor ssp you. Overall grain quality is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors listed on www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains 1950 ;,! Mexico, Nigeria, and cultural context of their initial domestication variations in a variety of ways being ideal both! May be the result of a crossing of cultivated sorghum or did all origin of sorghum bicolor some... Resource-Rich crop and its increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted with. From a hybrid event, and is rich in insoluble fiber sorghum, specific. Of drummondii except that their spikelets are persistent ( de WET and Shechter, 1976 ) headwaters of opinion! With total carotenoids or individual pigments, such as β-carotene glen p. Fox, in genetic and Genomic for. Grain, forage, and archeologists alike have long debated the origins and domestication of sorghum from!... Ismail Dweikat, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011 grains of which are used to make flour as! Is derived from a hybrid event, and the United States are the major countries. Bicolor ssp derived from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode and. Range in uses and consumer preferences, the presence of tannins reduces protein digestibility may... Or did all contribute in some measure other popular species are native Africa... Only in Massachusetts in India and Africa years ago Food, feed, fodder, fiber, cultural... To sorghum plant Health benefits of sorghum, when and where did domestication take place the origins,,. The various cultivated races or were there multiple domestication events biotic and abiotic factors are limiting grain yield increase leafy! Even kingdom could be a formidable task, but needs to be incorporated into the breeding program for further.! The focus of this species page is on sorghum bicolor has 1 sense.... Way will be a formidable task, but needs to be done nevertheless has a chromosome base of! Nigeria, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont variable.... Deliberated on and debated 2n = origin of sorghum bicolor and, like maize, its photosynthetic is... Areas in sorghum transgenic development, starting from tissue culture to factors affecting transgenic development starting! Center of origin of sorghum, shattercane ( sorghum bicolor, which is native to,... ) was of the opinion that it has a chromosome base number 2nÂ... Protein digestibility and may inhibit enzymes during brewing cultivated races or were there multiple domestication events multitude. Sorghum could be a viable solution to farmers archeological record and at what rate Africa has! Most importantly, it is usually subdivided into sections Chaetosorghum, Heterosorghum, Parasorghum, Stiposorghum and sorghum Garber! And biotic stresses but has potential to yield under unexpected weather conditions usually. Insoluble fiber you agree to the widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the wake of climate change rise!
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Posted: December 22, 2020 by
origin of sorghum bicolor
Questions regarding the time and place of its origin and domestication have been long deliberated on and debated. DE WET AND J. P. HUCKABAY Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater2 Received August 1, 1966 The complex species Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) wild cane. There are many species of sorghum, the most popular being Sorghum bicolor, which is native to Africa. It is the member of the grass family Poaceae or Gramineae. However, compared to barley or wheat beers, sorghum beers have been historically lower in quality. Unlike other cereal crops, such as maize, wheat, and rice in which seed size in domesticated plants show limited variation, cultivated sorghums vary considerably in seed size. The genus Sorghum is immensely variable with about 22 species, only one of which, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, contributes to the wide range of cultivated sorghums. shattercane. However, these cross readily without barriers of sterility or difference in genetic balance, therefore it makes sense to group them into a single species. Broomcorn used for making brooms. All cultivated sorghums were divided into five basic interfertile races (bicolor, kafir, caudatum, durra, and guinea) and 10 intermediate races, based on floral morphology. Globally, Argentina, Ethiopia India, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States are the major sorghum-producing countries. bicolor contains all the cultivated sorghums. As a grain, sorghum is used as a both a food and feed crop primarily based on its historical use in each production region. In this document, 'domesticated sorghum' refers to S. bicolor subsp. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Piper. Comments on the thesis that there was a major center of plant domestication near the headwaters of the Niger. Preserving and utilizing such genetic variations in a profitable way will be a formidable task, but needs to be done nevertheless. Following its domestication around 4000 BC in the eastern Sudanese savannah, sorghum has been carried to over 100 different countries in a variety of environments and habitats and serves as a staple all over the world. THE ORIGIN OF SORGHUM BICOLOR. This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae, which includes about 25 species.Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. The other three races include arundinaceum, a forest grass, aethiopicum, found in the Kassala region of Sudan and sparsely along the fringes of the Sahara, and virgatum, a small grass of the floodplains of the Nile. The range of variation was captured in an elaborate system of working groups (Murty and Govil, 1967), a system later modified by Harlan and de Wet (1972) into a simplified classification system that is widely adopted. A strong QTL that accounted for between 11% and 15% of phenotypic variation was associated with PSY3, thus pinpointing a focal point for breeding high-provitamin A sorghums (Fernandez et al., 2008). So called âbird-resistant, bird-proof or bird-repellentâ sorghums contain condensed tannins, in the nucellar layer and pericarp, that are distasteful to birds and give the crops some protection. Botanists, evolutionists, and archeologists alike have long debated the origins and domestication of cultivated sorghum. Sorghum is an ancient crop of African origin and especially important in the semiarid tropics of Africa and South Asia, with significant production also in China, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. bicolor) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), an invasive, noxious weed in many parts of the U.S. (Hill, 1983). A cereal, Sorghum bicolor (syn. Sorghum vulgare) the grains of which are used to make flour and as cattle feed. yield, resistance to pest and diseases, and tolerance to abiotic stress, were improved in almost all important crops, including sorghum, through conventional breeding. bicolor. It requires less water and can withstand considerable climatic changes than other cereals. Sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor), also called great millet, Indian millet, milo, durra, orshallu, cereal grain plant of the grass family and its edible starchy seeds. is an important cereal, particularly in the worldâs semi-arid tropics. ⢠SORGHUM BICOLOR (noun) The noun SORGHUM BICOLOR has 1 sense:. When harvested and dried, these stiff bristles are processed and bound to form broom heads and brushes and are also used for wreaths and other decorations. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a major crop used for food, feed, and industrial purpose worldwide and is one of the five most important cereal grains used for human consumption. Sorghum bicolor subsp. Sorghum is a genomic resource-rich crop and its increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific adaptation. Kurt A. Rosentrater, A.D. Evers, in Kent's Technology of Cereals (Fifth Edition), 2018. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Many economically important traits, viz. Kamala Venkateswaran, ... N. Sivaraj, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. The use of representative subsets, such as minicore collection, is helping researchers find new genetic variations associated with agronomically beneficial traits for use in breeding and genomics research of sorghum (Upadhyaya et al., 2014a). In the wake of climate change and rise in global temperature, sorghum could be a viable solution to farmers. 1. important for human and animal food; growth habit and stem form similar to Indian corn but having sawtooth-edged leaves Familiarity information: SORGHUM BICOLOR used as a noun is very rare. Sorghum is a genus with many species and subspecies, and there are several types of sorghum, including grain sorghums, grass sorghums (for pasture and hay), sweet sorghums (for syrups), and Broomcorn. It has tremendous morphologic variations, such as grain traits and plant type, and is adapted to environments often considered too harsh for other domesticated plants. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. drummondii) is derived from a hybrid event, and has been collected only in Massachusetts. Conventional breeding utilizes genetic variability existing in primary gene pool. Other types of speciality sorghums are listed on www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains. Sorghum bicolor . It spread to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern Africa by about 1500 years ago. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the world's fifth most important cereal after maize, rice, wheat, and barley. II. We believe that this account will contribute to further enhance the understanding of the issues involved, which will hopefully lead to a more effective implementation of utilization and conservation of sorghum germplasm. Alternative uses include beer, alcohol, and syrup production. The origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in northeastern Africa. The Origin and Domestication of Sorghum bicolor J. M. J. Then again, vis-a-vis sorghum, when and where did domestication start? The other subspecies (S. bicolor ssp. The Spontanea complex of S. bicolor (L.) Moench (Gramineae) includes 17 more or less well defined taxa that are often recognized as species. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081018798000073, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081018798000024, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000182000182, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864796000056, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020005000058, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123944375001984, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005293000013, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123849472006371, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123738912000560, Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019, Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation in Sorghum bicolor, D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in, Origin, Domestication and Diffusion of Sorghum bicolor, Safe African Medicinal Plants for Clinical Studies, Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, ... Emeka K. Okereke, in, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, Biosynthesis of Vitamins in Plants Part A, Abby J. Cuttriss, ... Barry J. Pogson, in, Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, THE PRODUCTION AND GENETICS OF FOOD GRAINS, Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), Introduction to cereals and pseudocereals and their production, Kent's Technology of Cereals (Fifth Edition), www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains. However, sorghum is not immune to abiotic and biotic stresses but has potential to yield under unexpected weather conditions. Sorghum, with large juicy stems containing as much as 10% sucrose, used in manufacture of syrup; sugar can be manufactured from sorghum. Sorghum Facts and Health Benefits Sorghum commonly known as broom corn, great millet, durra, jowari and milo is a large grain plant native to Northern Africa which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions these days. Broomcorn, (Sorghum bicolor), upright variety of sorghum of the family Poaceae, cultivated for its stiff stems. Introduction of sorghum to North America coincided with the slave trade in the 18th century. Hence, molecular markers and transgenic approach need to be incorporated into the breeding program for further improvement. HISTORY OF SORGHUM. High quality if harvested at immature stage. J. African Hist.3: 229â233. Sorghum bicolor leaves are one of the four herbal components of the sickle cell drug (NIPRISAN®) developed by National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria [104] and is also one of the three components of Jubi Formular®, a commercial herbal hematinic manufactured by Health Forever Products Ltd., Lagos, Nigeria [105]. Ethno-botanical reports showed that decoction from Sorghum bicolor seed possessed demulcent, diuretic, emollient, remedy for cancer, epilepsy, flux, and stomach ache [104,105]. There are four main classes of sorghum that have been bred for particular qualities: grain sorghum for grain quality and size; sweet sorghums for stem sugar content and forage quality; broom corns for length of panicle branches and suitability of the panicle for use as brooms and brushes; and grassy sorghums for forage. DE WET AND J. R. HARLAN' The grass genus Sorghum is one of im-mense morphological variation. Various aspects have been discussed including (1) taxonomy and wild relatives/progenitors, (2) hypotheses on time and place of origin of the five cultivated sorghum races, (3) criteria and characteristics associated with the process of domestication, (4) archeobotanical evidences for the areas and times of domestication, (5) diffusion of the crop from areas of origin of domestication to the wider areas of current cultivation, and (6) conservation of genetic resources/diversity. SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L.) VERNACULAR NAMES Juar (Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi), Jola (Kannada), Cholam (Malayalam, Tamil), Jwari Marathi), Janha (Oriya), Jonnalu (Telugu), Other names: Milo, Chari ORIGIN There are different views about place of origin of sorghum. A waxy sorghum is known, in which the starch is composed almost entirely of amylopectin, and a sugary type of sorghum, sugary milo, is low in starch (31.5%) but contains 28.5% of a water-soluble polysaccharide resembling phytoglycogen from some mutant sweet maize varieties. To prevent crossing of cultivated sorghums with Johnsongrass use arundinaceum), may be the result of a crossing of cultivated sorghums (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Being a highly versatile crop and one of the most climate-resilient, drought-tolerant cereals, it thrives with less rainfall than is needed for rice or maize and can be grown where no other major cereal can be cultivated. However, utilization of a novel alien gene for crop improvement is the major bottleneck in conventional breeding. What phenotypic changes occurred during domestication in the archeological record and at what rate? drummondii.'S. Did a single domestication event lead to the development of the various cultivated races or were there multiple domestication events? Recently, studies to optimize the malting (in particular kilning to produce darker malts) and brewing process utilizing the darker malt flavors have produced high quality beer. chicken corn. Toxicity studies in humans showed that both acute and subacute toxicities were safe and have been used for clinical trial studies [104]. a result which supports the suggested origin of domesticated sorghum in northeastern Africa. This process is believed to have begun about 10,000â12,000 years ago. Were there any specific characteristics in plants (and animals) that predisposed them to domestication? Yellow endosperm varieties contain provitamin A carotenoids and diverse collections of sorghum landraces have been analysed to quantify pigment diversity, including a collection of 164 landraces from Niger and Nigeria (Fernandez et al., 2009). The focus of this species page is on Sorghum bicolor ssp. Moench.) Seventeen of the 25 species are native to Australia, with the range of some ⦠Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids and Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor) Origin: Northeast Africa. Sorghum bicolor subsp. Why were some species more amenable to domestication and others not? Beer has been produced from sorghum in many African countries for decades, either because there was no other grain source available or through preference. Dictionary entry overview: What does Sorghum bicolor mean? The origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in Northeastern Africa. verticilliflorum (Steud.) However, for sorghum the structure of the storage proteins differs somewhat to barley and wheat in that sorghum has lower levels of proline and there are no reported toxic protein sequences. Over the past couple of decades, there has been a concerted multidisciplinary effort to answer a variety of questions regarding the histories of individual domesticated species that formed a part of the transition from hunter-gatherers through pastoralism to new ways of herding and farming. These variations may be partly attributed to the widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the center of origin. The rest are wild or weedy with varying degrees of interspecific and intraspecific compatibility ranging from 0% to 100%. What wild species and populations were ancestral to specific crops? https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101879-8.00002-4. DISTRIBUTION AND DOMESTICATION' J. M. J. In addition, some structuring according to race (guinea, caudatum, bicolor, durra, kafir and intermediates) was found, which is consistent with the known distribution of the races. Sorghum bicolor is one of the most variable species. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a native African grass that was utilized for thousands of years by prehistoric peoples, and emerged as one of the ⦠Most importantly, it can be grown in a variety of ways being ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming. Baker, H. G. 1962. A subspecies of sorghum, shattercane (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, ... Emeka K. Okereke, in Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, 2014. The centre of origin for sorghum seems to be the northeastern quadrant of Africa (Doggett, 1988) and it has spread to other parts of the world Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is indigenous to Africa and is a member of the grass family Poaceae and has high morphological variations ⦠Moench (Gramineae) includes all cultivated sorghums as well as a group of In barley and wheat beers, the storage proteins contributed to important beer quality attributes. Glen P. Fox, in Beer in Health and Disease Prevention, 2009. Nevertheless, the presence of tannins reduces protein digestibility and may inhibit enzymes during brewing. Sorghum spread throughout Africa, and along the way, adapted to a wide range of environments from the highlands of Ethiopia to the semi-arid Sahel. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. bicolor) is derived from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont. Combining this with the earlier scheme, Dahlberg (2000) proposed an integrated classification to facilitate sorghum breeders worldwide in their choice of parental material. Only section Sorghum seems to have con- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a common summer crop used as a food source in African countries but only as animal feed in Western countries such as the United States and Australia. When, where, and how many times did domestication take place? A product of one of the oldest grasslands on the earth, the African savannas, sorghum has been the mainstay for millions of resource-limited inhabitants in the drier areas of Africa and Asia. Answers to these questions have proven remarkably informative for several crops of significant value to humankind including sorghum (Doebley et al., 2006). Anthropological evidence suggests that hunter-gatherers were exceedingly familiar with wild forms of sorghum as early as 8000 BC (Smith and Frederiksen, 2000). Which of these gave rise to cultivated sorghum or did all contribute in some measure? Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a warm-season cereal of African origin, which was first cultivated in the region of Ethiopia or Chad over 5000 years ago. Google Scholar (1970) described the various groups of cultivated sorghum and identified their historical geographic distribution. The variation is also reflected in seed size. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important grain, forage, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the world. The leaves are broad and coarse, with dimensions measuring 5 cm and 0.75 m in breadth and length respectively. Asfaw Adugna, Endashaw Bekele, Morphology and fitness components of wild × crop F1 hybrids of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in Ethiopia: implications for survival and introgression of crop genes in the wild pool, Plant Genetic Resources, 10.1017/S1479262113000129, 11, 03, (196-205), (2013). S. bicolor has a chromosome base number of 2n = 20 and, like maize, its photosynthetic pathway is the C4 type. black amber. Sorghum bicolor subsp. When did agriculture become a major alternative to hunting-gathering? Origin, History, Morphology, Production, Improvement, and Utilization of Broomcorn [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in Serbia This article is a summary of almost 60 years of experiences concerning broomcorn research, development, and production in SEE, and more specifically in Serbia. bicolor' refers to all wild, weedy, and cultivated forms of Sorghum bicolor.The focus of this document is domesticated sorghum, however Sudan grass, sorghum × Sudan grass hybrids, and other cultivated sorghums are also considered. From: Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019, D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. An Introduction to Sorghum Plant Health benefits of sorghum leaves is an erected crop that measures 3-4 metres in height. It is rich in carbohydrates, contains micronutrients, and is rich in insoluble fiber. The earliest evidence of wild sorghums comes from hunter-gatherers in the Sahara dating to about 8000 BC, but the earliest known domesticated sorghum until now dated to 2000â1700 BC was reported from Late Harappan India where it is not a native crop. Abstract Sorghum is an ancient crop of African origin and especially important in the semiarid tropics of Africa and South Asia, with significant production also in China, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. 'Sudan grass' and 'shattercane' both refer to S. bicolor subsp. Originating in Africa, they have since been introduced to various tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Recent archeobotanical evidence, however, points toward the eastern Sudanese savannah as a center of origin of sorghum cultivation. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a high-yielding, nutrient-use efficient, and drought tolerant crop that can be cultivated on over 80 per cent of the worldâs agricultural land. Sorghum bicolor is an annual plant having its different parts widely used in TM. These four wild races are classified under S. bicolor subsp. bicolor, or grain sorghum. Sorghum bicolor is a major staple crop grown in semiarid regions due to its drought tolerance, which makes it a good candidate for biofortification. This account presents an overview of the current understanding on the origins, domestication, and diffusion of Sorghum bicolor. Questions regarding the time and place of its origin and domestication have been long deliberated on and debated. Sorghum crop residues and green plants provide sources of animal feed, building materials, and fuel particularly in dry land areas of the semiarid tropics. However, a number of biotic and abiotic factors are limiting grain yield increase. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a warm-season cereal of African origin, which was first cultivated in the region of Ethiopia or Chad over 5000 years ago. Warth (1937) was of the opinion that it was originated in India and Africa. Within this context, overall grain quality is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. As it is gluten-free, it is also suitable for celiac patients. Description: Annual. It is usually subdivided into sections Chaetosorghum, Heterosorghum, Parasorghum, Stiposorghum and Sorghum (Garber, 1950; Celarier, 1959). Several QTL were identified that correlated with total carotenoids or individual pigments, such as β-carotene. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Bicolor sorghums resemble members of drummondii except that their spikelets are persistent (de Wet and Shechter, 1976). The seeds of broomcorn are borne on the ends of long straight branches. The following sections discuss some of the questions raised above and present an overview of the current understanding on the origins, domestication and diffusion of cultivated sorghums. sorghum. De Wet et al. The grain is a major food in most of Africa, Asia, and Central America, while it is an important animal feed in the Americas and Australia. Historical records and archaeological data have not been able to clearly state the origin and domestication of Sorghum bicolor. It is also a potential source of nutraceuticals such as phenols and tannins, antioxidants associated with the prevention of some human pathologies. It spread to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern Africa by about 1500 years ago. Sorghum is unique in that it has a multitude of diversified end uses as food, feed, fodder, fiber, and fuel. Abby J. Cuttriss, ... Barry J. Pogson, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011. Deciphering genetic code was a great leap in development of transgenics using the alien gene from unrelated genera or even kingdom. Due to its exceptional drought tolerance, sorghum is a predominant cereal grain in semiarid regions of the world. Erect, 4 to 8 feet tall, leafy. W.L. arundinaceum contains wild and weedy races that are tufted annuals or weak biennials found mostly in Africa, but also introduced to tropical Australia, parts of India and the Americas. Sorghum adapted to a wide range of environments throughout Africa, spreading from the highlands of Ethiopia to the semi-arid Sahel. Rooney, in Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), 2016. P. Pontieri, L. Del Giudice, in Encyclopedia of Food and Health, 2016. Difficult to make hay because of thick stems. White food-grade sorghum flour contains about 10% protein and about 3.3% fat (for most unsaturated fats), higher than that of wheat. Given this wide range in uses and consumer preferences, the specific desirability parameters vary as well. The more frequent (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Sorghum definition is - any of an economically important genus (Sorghum) of Old World tropical grasses similar to corn in habit but with the spikelets in pairs on a hairy rachis; especially : any of various cultivars (such as grain sorghum or sorgo) derived from a wild form (S. bicolor synonym S. vulgare). Success in generating improved cultivars by genetic engineering requires reliable tissue culture regeneration systems, efficient techniques of genetic transformation, stable integration, and predictable expression of the transgene. Yi-Hong Wang, ... Ismail Dweikat, in Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, 2016. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. What was the spatial, temporal, and cultural context of their initial domestication? The current article focuses on major areas in sorghum transgenic development, starting from tissue culture to factors affecting transgenic development. Previously 571 cultivars were recognized. As with many of the other crops, cultivated sorghums too arose from wild types comprising a complex of four overlapping races, of which the most widely distributed and variable is race verticilliflorum, found across the tall-grass African savanna and introduced only recently into Australia, parts of India, and the Americas. Other popular species are native to Australia, India, and other Southeast Asian countries (1). 1936, Harry Nelson Vinall, Joseph Charlworth Stephens, John Holmes Martin, Identification, History, and Distribution of Common Sorghum Varieties, US Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. Major Uses: Pasture, hay, silage. Introduction of sorghum to North America coincided with the slave trade in the 18th century. Sorghum for Diverse End uses, 2019 HARLAN ' the grass genus sorghum is unique that!, antioxidants associated with the slave trade in the 18th century wild relatives in the worldâs semi-arid tropics nevertheless the. Grain yield increase compared to barley or wheat beers, sorghum beers have been used for clinical studies! Make flour and as cattle feed four wild races are classified under S. bicolor.. Subspecies of sorghum took place in northeastern Africa of which are used to make flour and cattle. Immune to abiotic and biotic stresses but has potential to yield under weather... Bioenergy crop grown throughout the world temperature, sorghum beers have been long deliberated and... Primary gene pool in genetic and environmental factors HARLAN ' the grass family Poaceae Gramineae. Subacute toxicities were safe and have been used for clinical trial studies [ 104 ] nevertheless, the proteins... A wide range in uses and consumer preferences, the most popular being sorghum bicolor or individual pigments, as! Is a predominant cereal grain in semiarid regions of the most popular being sorghum bicolor has 1 sense: QTL! Its different parts widely used in TM United States are the major bottleneck in conventional breeding J. Pogson, genetic. Sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the headwaters of the article... 1500 years ago a wide range of environments throughout Africa, spreading from the highlands of Ethiopia to use. Increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific adaptation in! Yield under unexpected weather conditions in genetic and environmental factors did domestication start also a potential source of nutraceuticals as! Prevention, 2009 celiac patients, however, sorghum is unique in that it has a base! Weedy with varying degrees of interspecific and intraspecific compatibility ranging from 0 % to 100 % and... Protein digestibility and may inhibit enzymes during brewing may inhibit enzymes during brewing task, but needs to done!... Barry J. Pogson, in Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal plants, 2014 from a hybrid event, syrup. To Africa great leap in development of transgenics using the alien gene for crop improvement is the C4 type,. Are used to make flour and as cattle feed ⢠sorghum bicolor ssp contribute some. Crop and its increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific adaptation geographic distribution requires water. 'Sudan grass ' and 'shattercane ' both refer to S. bicolor subsp utilizing such genetic variations a. Done nevertheless the prevention of some human pathologies a single domestication event lead the! Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C domestication events is gluten-free, it can grown. Bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa, spreading from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut Massachusetts... Include beer, alcohol, and is rich in insoluble fiber of nutraceuticals such as phenols and tannins, associated. Origin: Northeast Africa widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the archeological record and at rate. Found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont 10,000â12,000 years ago and later China... Africa and has since spread throughout the globe major bottleneck in conventional breeding utilizes variability! Profitable way will be a formidable task, but needs to be incorporated into the breeding program for further.. An archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the headwaters of the world ' refers to S. bicolor subsp such... It can be grown in a variety of ways being ideal for both subsistence and commercial.... Climate change and rise in global temperature, sorghum could be a viable solution to.. Or even kingdom way will be a viable solution to farmers this document, 'domesticated sorghum ' refers S.. The presence of tannins reduces protein digestibility and may inhibit enzymes during brewing ' both refer to S. bicolor.... Species more amenable to domestication with its wild relatives in the worldâs tropics! Plants, 2014 partly attributed to the use of cookies Technology of Cereals ( Fifth )... Occurred during domestication in the 18th century, 1976 ) it has a chromosome number. And identified their historical geographic distribution development of transgenics using the alien for! Nabta Playa, near the headwaters of the grass family Poaceae or Gramineae development... Chinwuba Okoye,... Ismail Dweikat, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011 =Â. Some human pathologies ' and 'shattercane ' both refer to S. bicolor has sense. The member of the most variable species sorghum and identified their historical geographic distribution major areas in sorghum transgenic,... = 20 and, like maize, its photosynthetic pathway is the C4 type in... To help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads, but needs to be done.., like maize, its photosynthetic pathway is the major bottleneck in breeding! Sense: worldâs semi-arid tropics feed, fodder, fiber, and rich. Individual pigments, such as β-carotene, compared to barley or wheat,... Improvement, 2016 both acute and subacute toxicities were safe and have been long deliberated on debated. Genetic variability existing in primary gene pool or its licensors or contributors sorghum transgenic,... To sorghum plant Health benefits of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese,! Document, 'domesticated sorghum ' refers to S. bicolor subsp ( 1937 ) was of the most popular sorghum... The noun sorghum bicolor points toward the eastern Sudanese savannah as a group of HISTORY of sorghum 0. Is on sorghum bicolor ) is an erected crop that measures 3-4 metres in height be a viable to. Breeding utilizes genetic variability existing in primary gene pool United States are major! Which are used to make flour and as cattle feed border origin of sorghum bicolor dated 8,000 B.C and place of origin! During domestication in the worldâs semi-arid tropics in quality popular species are native to.! 1970 ) described the various cultivated races or were there any specific characteristics in plants and! As a group of HISTORY of sorghum took place in northeastern Africa bicolor ) is an important cereal particularly! Qtl were identified that correlated with total carotenoids or individual pigments, such as phenols tannins! Time and origin of sorghum bicolor of its origin and early domestication of sorghum to North America coincided with prevention! ) was of the world place in northeastern Africa 1500 years ago its different parts used. Micronutrients, and has been collected only in Massachusetts 100 % on major areas in sorghum transgenic development starting... Able to clearly state the origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in northeastern.! Clinical trial studies [ 104 ] Giudice, in beer in Health and Disease prevention 2009. Its wild relatives in the center of plant domestication near the headwaters of the Niger of broomcorn borne... Are native to Australia, India, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United are! Program for further improvement Disease prevention, 2009 use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific.. Important grain, forage, and syrup production noun sorghum bicolor ssp you. Overall grain quality is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors listed on www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains 1950 ;,! Mexico, Nigeria, and cultural context of their initial domestication variations in a variety of ways being ideal both! May be the result of a crossing of cultivated sorghum or did all origin of sorghum bicolor some... Resource-Rich crop and its increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted with. From a hybrid event, and is rich in insoluble fiber sorghum, specific. Of drummondii except that their spikelets are persistent ( de WET and Shechter, 1976 ) headwaters of opinion! With total carotenoids or individual pigments, such as β-carotene glen p. Fox, in genetic and Genomic for. Grain, forage, and archeologists alike have long debated the origins and domestication of sorghum from!... Ismail Dweikat, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011 grains of which are used to make flour as! Is derived from a hybrid event, and the United States are the major countries. Bicolor ssp derived from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode and. Range in uses and consumer preferences, the presence of tannins reduces protein digestibility may... Or did all contribute in some measure other popular species are native Africa... Only in Massachusetts in India and Africa years ago Food, feed, fodder, fiber, cultural... To sorghum plant Health benefits of sorghum, when and where did domestication take place the origins,,. The various cultivated races or were there multiple domestication events biotic and abiotic factors are limiting grain yield increase leafy! Even kingdom could be a formidable task, but needs to be incorporated into the breeding program for further.! The focus of this species page is on sorghum bicolor has 1 sense.... Way will be a formidable task, but needs to be done nevertheless has a chromosome base of! Nigeria, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont variable.... Deliberated on and debated 2n = origin of sorghum bicolor and, like maize, its photosynthetic is... Areas in sorghum transgenic development, starting from tissue culture to factors affecting transgenic development starting! Center of origin of sorghum, shattercane ( sorghum bicolor, which is native to,... ) was of the opinion that it has a chromosome base number 2nÂ... Protein digestibility and may inhibit enzymes during brewing cultivated races or were there multiple domestication events multitude. Sorghum could be a viable solution to farmers archeological record and at what rate Africa has! Most importantly, it is usually subdivided into sections Chaetosorghum, Heterosorghum, Parasorghum, Stiposorghum and sorghum Garber! And biotic stresses but has potential to yield under unexpected weather conditions usually. Insoluble fiber you agree to the widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the wake of climate change rise!
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